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➢ Administration, Economic and Social Life under Delhi Sultanate (1256-1526 AD) * The State set up by the Turks Towards the end of the 12th Century Northern India developed a Highly Centralised Administration* The Delhi Sultanate disintegrated towards the beginning of the 15th century and a series of independent states were set up in different parts of the country.* The Administrative System of the Sultanate had a powerful effect on many of them ,and also influenced the Mughal system of administration which developed in the 12th century* The Ruler of Delhi Sultanate took the title of Sultan ➢ The Sultan *The Turkish Sultans in India declared themselves as lieutenant of the Abbasid Caliph at Bagdad but this did not mean that the Caliph became the Legal ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.* The Caliph had only a moral position by proclaiming his Supreme position; The Sultan at Delhi was only proclaiming that they were a part of the Islamic world.*The Sultan's office was the most important in the Sultanate and Supreme political ,Military and even legal authority was vested in him.* No Clear Law of Succession was developed among Muslim rulers.* Qazi. - Ul - Qazat was chief justice for dispensing justice, above him was 'Sultan'.* The Islamic theory adhered to the idea of the election of the ruler, but the acceptance in practice the succession of son as a successful ruler.* The idea of Primogeniture was fully acceptable neither to the Muslims nor to the Hindus.* Some Rulers did try to Nominate are of sons not necessarily the eldest, as the successor. Illtutmish even nominated a daughter in preference to his sons.* But it was for the Nobles to accept such a nomination while Muslim opinion generally adhered to the Idea of Legitimacy, There was no safeguard against the assumption of the successful Military Leader.* The most important department of the stateNext to Wazir was that “Diwan - i- arz” or the Military Department. The head of this department was called Ariz-I-Mamalik. The system was introduced by Balban and flourished by Illtutmish. * Diwan -i- Risalat -Religious Department-Diwan -i- Insta- Correspondence department * Chief Qazi - Chief Justice * Bawad -i- Mumalikh - Head of SPY* Diwan -i- Bandgan - Slave Department * Amjm -i- Hizab - To Maintain Discipline in Royal court*Land -- Iqta Land (Tax on Produce)- Khalsa Land - (Land of Sultan) ➢ Local Administration - Empire - Provinces- Shigs ( Shigdar Head) - Pargana (Amil Head) – Village (Khut Head) ➢ Economic and Social Life --Ibn Battuta, Visited India in the 14th century and lived at the court of Muhammad Tuglaq for 8 Years *He traveled all over India and has left a very interesting account of the product of the country, including Fruits, Flower, Herbs, etc.*The condition of roads and the life of the people.* Ibn Battuta says that soil was so fertile that it could produce two crops every year, Rice being three times a year.Sesame, Indigo and Cotton were grown* They formed the basis of many villages industries, such as all pressing, Making of Jaggery, wearing and dyeing of cloths. Etc ➢ Peasants and Rulers life * All the Peasants didn't live at the level of subsistence .they were Prosperous People and owners of the Land.* The Village Headmen (Muqaddam) and Smaller Landlords (Khtus) enjoyed a higher standard of life.* A section that enjoyed a high standard of life was the Hindus rais or autonomous radar, many of them continued to hold their Previous Estates. ➢ Trade, Industry, and merchants * With the Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate. Improvement of communication,Establishment of a sound currency system, there was a definite growth of trade in the country.- This was marked by the Growth of the town and towns Life.-Ibn Battuta calls Delhi the largest city in the eastern part of the Islamic World.* He says that Daulatabad (Deoria) need Delhi in size - An index of the growth of trade between the North and the South * Bengal and Gujarat -Cotton, and Fabric* Paper Manufacturing was introduced by Turks.* India Textiles had already established their Trade. * India had a favourable trade balance gold and silver came to India from these countries
➢ Administration, Economic and Social Life under Delhi Sultanate (1256-1526 AD)
* The State set up by the Turks Towards the end of the 12th Century Northern India developed a Highly Centralised Administration
* The Delhi Sultanate disintegrated towards the beginning of the 15th century and a series of independent states were set up in different parts of the country.
* The Administrative System of the Sultanate had a powerful effect on many of them ,and also influenced the Mughal system of administration which developed in the 12th century
* The Ruler of Delhi Sultanate took the title of Sultan
➢ The Sultan
*The Turkish Sultans in India declared themselves as lieutenant of the Abbasid Caliph at Bagdad but this did not mean that the Caliph became the Legal ruler of the Delhi Sultanate.
* The Caliph had only a moral position by proclaiming his Supreme position; The Sultan at Delhi was only proclaiming that they were a part of the Islamic world.
*The Sultan's office was the most important in the Sultanate and Supreme political ,Military and even legal authority was vested in him.
* No Clear Law of Succession was developed among Muslim rulers.
* Qazi. - Ul - Qazat was chief justice for dispensing justice, above him was 'Sultan'.
* The Islamic theory adhered to the idea of the election of the ruler, but the acceptance in practice the succession of son as a successful ruler.
* The idea of Primogeniture was fully acceptable neither to the Muslims nor to the Hindus.
* Some Rulers did try to Nominate are of sons not necessarily the eldest, as the successor. Illtutmish even nominated a daughter in preference to his sons.
* But it was for the Nobles to accept such a nomination while Muslim opinion generally adhered to the Idea of Legitimacy, There was no safeguard against the assumption of the successful Military Leader.
* The most important department of the state
Next to Wazir was that “Diwan - i- arz” or the Military Department. The head of this department was called Ariz-I-Mamalik. The system was introduced by Balban and flourished by Illtutmish.
* Diwan -i- Risalat -Religious Department
-Diwan -i- Insta- Correspondence department
* Chief Qazi - Chief Justice
* Bawad -i- Mumalikh - Head of SPY
* Diwan -i- Bandgan - Slave Department
* Amjm -i- Hizab - To Maintain Discipline in Royal court
*Land -
- Iqta Land (Tax on Produce)
- Khalsa Land - (Land of Sultan)
➢ Local Administration -
Empire - Provinces- Shigs ( Shigdar Head) - Pargana (Amil Head) – Village (Khut Head)
➢ Economic and Social Life -
-Ibn Battuta, Visited India in the 14th century and lived at the court of Muhammad Tuglaq for 8 Years
*He traveled all over India and has left a very interesting account of the product of the country, including Fruits, Flower, Herbs, etc.
*The condition of roads and the life of the people.
* Ibn Battuta says that soil was so fertile that it could produce two crops every year, Rice being three times a year.
Sesame, Indigo and Cotton were grown
* They formed the basis of many villages industries, such as all pressing, Making of Jaggery, wearing and dyeing of cloths. Etc
➢ Peasants and Rulers life
* All the Peasants didn't live at the level of subsistence .they were Prosperous People and owners of the Land.
* The Village Headmen (Muqaddam) and Smaller Landlords (Khtus) enjoyed a higher standard of life.
* A section that enjoyed a high standard of life was the Hindus rais or autonomous radar, many of them continued to hold their Previous Estates.
➢ Trade, Industry, and merchants
* With the Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate. Improvement of communication,
Establishment of a sound currency system, there was a definite growth of trade in the country.
- This was marked by the Growth of the town and towns Life.
-Ibn Battuta calls Delhi the largest city in the eastern part of the Islamic World.
* He says that Daulatabad (Deoria) need Delhi in size - An index of the growth of trade between the North and the South
* Bengal and Gujarat -Cotton, and Fabric
* Paper Manufacturing was introduced by Turks.
* India Textiles had already established their Trade.
* India had a favourable trade balance gold and silver came to India from these countries